Autoestima en estudiantes de medicina de la universidad nacional de Asunción, Paraguay / Self-esteem in medical students of the national university of Asunción, Paraguay

Introducción: Autoestima puede ser definida como el desarrollo de la convicción de que uno es competente para vivir y merece la felicidad, es por tanto capaz de enfrentar la vida con confianza, benevolencia y optimismo lo cual ayuda a alcanzar las metas. Materiales y método: Fue un estudio observacional descriptivo con corte transverso con muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos que se realizó de mayo a junio del 2016 a estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Se incluyó a todos los estudiantes que aceptaron participar voluntariamente. Resultados: Se incluyó a 75 sujetos. 60% fue del sexo femenino con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 28 años y una media de 22±2 años. El 48% presenta autoestima elevada, el 18,7% autoestima baja y el 33,3% autoestima baja. Discusión: La prevalencia de autoestima baja en nuestro estudio fue mayor a la encontrada en una población similar donde el 24,5% mostraba puntajes acordes a baja autoestima en contraste con el 33,3% de nuestro estudio. Estos resultados pueden ser explicados por las altas prevalencias de ansiedad, depresión, estresores psicosociales y estrés académico propios de esta población.

Introduction: Self-esteem can be defined as the development of the conviction that one is competent to live and deserves happiness, it is therefore able to face life with confidence, benevolence and optimism which helps to achieve the goals. Methods: It was a descriptive study with transverse cutting non-probability sampling of consecutive cases was conducted from May to June 2016 to medical students at the National University of Asuncion. All students who agreed to participate were included voluntarily. Results: We included 75 subjects. 60% were female with aged between 18 and 28 years and a mean of 22 ± 2 years. 48% have high self-esteem, 18.7% low self-esteem and 33.3% low self-esteem. Discussion: The prevalence of low self-esteem in our study was higher than that found in a similar population where 24.5% had low self-esteem scores chords in contrast to 33.3% of our study. These results can be explained by the high prevalence of anxiety, depression, psychosocial stressors and academic stress of this population.

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure to assist in differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Misdiagnosis of melanocytic lesions can result in unnecessary psychological distress to patients, under- or overtreatment, inaccurate prognosis and improper follow-up and family member surveillance. It is well recognized that, despite many attempts to 1) put forth a set of histologic criteria that can accurately and reproducibly be used to diagnose melanocytic lesions, and 2) identify reliable markers of malignancy as an adjunct to routine histopathology, misdiagnoses still occur in a significant number of cases. METHOD: A multi-color FISH probe mixture has been devised to assist pathologists in differential diagnosis of difficult melanocytic lesions. The mixture includes a centromeric probe for chromosome 6 and unique sequence probes for three other chromosomal regions that have most frequently shown amplifications or deletions in melanoma. We have carried out a preliminary evaluation of this new probe set in 25 cases of benign and malignant pigmented lesions. RESULTS: The tool reliably identified all nevi and ordinary melanomas, and only failed to identify a pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma and two malignant lesions that, by morphology and behavior, have distinct features from common invasive melanomas, i.e., a desmoplastic melanoma and a nevoid melanoma. Considering this, 100% specificity and 75% sensitivity was achieved. CONCLUSION: The FISH tool used in this study was able to separate accurately benign nevi from ordinary melanoma. Failure to identify uncommon melanocytic lesions adds to its advantage and calls for further studies to unveil the molecular profile of these rare entities.

Histologic classification of penile carcinoma and its relation to outcome in 61 patients with primary resection.

A retrospective review of the clinical and pathologic features of 61 cases of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), all treated by primary surgical resection at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center during the period 1949-1992, was undertaken. Inguinal lymph node dissection material was evaluated in 40 cases. All carcinomas were of squamous cell type and were classified as follows: usual type, 36 cases (59%); papillary, not otherwise specified (NOS), 9 cases (15%), basaloid, 6 cases (10%); warty (condylomatous), 6 cases (10%); verrucous, 2 cases (3%), and sarcomatoid, 2 cases (3%). A high rate of nodal metastasis and poor survival were found for the basaloid and sarcomatoid neoplasms (5 of 7 patients with metastasis, 71%, and 5 of 8 dead of disease, 63%). Only 1 patient with a verruciform tumor (defined as a tumor of nonspecific papillary, warty, or verrucous type) had inguinal node metastasis and none died from penile cancer. An intermediate rate of metastasis and mortality (14 of 26, 54%, and 13 of 36, 36%, respectively) was found for typical SCC. Penile carcinomas are morphologically heterogeneous, and there is a correlation of histologic type and biologic behavior. This mandates accurate histologic subtyping by the pathologist.

Anatomic levels: important landmarks in penectomy specimens: a detailed anatomic and histologic study based on examination of 44 cases.

The majority of squamous cell carcinomas of the penis arise from the glans, and the prognosis is related significantly to the depth of invasion of crucial anatomic landmarks. Accurate information related to this can only be obtained when specimens are carefully evaluated grossly. Most pathologists in developed countries encounter resected specimens of penile carcinoma infrequently, and gross evaluation is occasionally suboptimal, potentially preventing obtaining reliable prognostic information. The four distinct levels of the glans penis are the epithelium, lamina propria, corpus spongiosum, and corpus cavernosum. A simple method for pathologic evaluation of the glans is presented. Noteworthy findings in our study of a South American population were that the distance from the lamina propria to tunica albuginea ranged from 7 to 13 to 6 mm at the dorsal, central, and ventral areas of the corpus spongiosum, respectively. The most distal portion of the corpus cavernosum was located within the glans in 34 of 44 cases and in the body of the penis in only 10. The corpus spongiosum was thinner in the former cases. These anatomic variations may bear on prognosis.